Hipertensión arterial sistémica en el embarazo / Hypertension and pregnancy

Increasing evidence indicates that hypertension in pregnancy is an under recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Compared with women who have had normotensive pregnancies, those who are hypertensive during pregnancy are at greater risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and have a less favorable overall risk profile for CVD years after the affected pregnancies. One factor that might underlie this relationship is that hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pre-eclampsia, in particular) and CVD share several common risk factors (e.g. obesity, diabetes mellitus and renal disease). Alternatively, hypertension in pregnancy could induce long-term metabolic and vascular abnormalities that might increase the overall risk of CVD later in life. In both cases, evidence regarding risk-reduction interventions specific to women who have had hypertensive pregnancies is lacking. While awaiting results of large-scale studies, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy should be screened for during assessment of a woman's overall risk profile for CVD. Women at high risk must be monitored closely for conventional risk factors that are common to both CVD and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and treated according to current evidence-based national guidelines.

Hipertensión arterial sistémica en la mujer / Hypertension in women

The cardiovascular disease is a crucial cause of morbidity and mortality in the woman mainly when they arrive at menopause. The pathophysiology and neurohormonal mechanisms widely vary with respect to the man. This finding has given the support to think that the estrogens may be playing a protector role in cardiovascular disease. However, the associated risk factors like obesity, diabetes, dislipidemia, smoking and sedentary life are increasing in an exponential form. In Mexico the population age distribution establishes that 60% of the women with hypertension are aged < 54 years old. This is reason why as factor of independent cardiovascular risk is commonest. Nevertheless, after the menopause cardiovascular mortality is greater in the woman than in the man. In this review, the importance of the new pathophysiological mechanisms and the clinical-therapeutic approach are analyzed, making emphasis in the importance of the change in the life style and also in the nutritional aspects. In Mexico the woman still have a unique role in the nutritional culture.

Abordaje clínico terapéutico del paciente adulto mayor con hipertensión arterial sistémica: recomendaciones para la práctica clínica / Therapeutic clinical approach for the elderly patient with hypertension: recommendations for clinical practice

The incidence of hypertension in the geriatric population is very high and is a significant determinant of cardiovascular risk in this group. The tendency for blood pressure to increase with age in westernized societies such as the United States may depend on environmental factors such as diet, stress, and inactivity. Our population tends to become more obese; to consume relatively greater amounts of sodium and lesser amounts of potassium, calcium, and magnesium; and to decrease exercising with increasing age. Senescent changes in the cardiovascular system leading to decreased vascular compliance and decreased baroreceptor sensitivity contribute not only to rising blood pressure but also to an impairment of postural reflexes and orthostatic hypotension. The hallmark of hypertension in the elderly is increased vascular resistance. Greater vascular reactivity in the elderly hypertensive patients may reflect decreased membrane sodium pump activity and decreased beta-adrenergic receptor activity as well as age-related structural changes. Treatment of diastolic hypertension in the elderly is associated with decreased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although treatment of systolic hypertension may not decrease immediate cardiovascular mortality, it appears to decrease the incidence of stroke. The initial therapeutic approach to the elderly hypertensive patient should generally consist of a reduction in salt and caloric intake and an increase in aerobic exercise, i.e., walking. Drug therapy should be initiated with lower doses of medication with a special concern about orthostatic hypotension.

Hipertensión arterial sistémica en el niño y adolescente / Hypertension in children and adolescence

The epidemic of childhood obesity, the risk of developing left ventricular hypertrophy, and evidence of the early development of atherosclerosis in children would make the detection of and intervention in childhood hypertension important to reduce long-term health risks; however, supporting data are lacking. Secondary hypertension is more common in preadolescent children, with most cases caused by renal disease. Primary or essential hypertension is more common in adolescents and has multiple risk factors, including obesity and a family history of hypertension. Evaluation involves a through history and physical examination, laboratory tests, and specialized studies. Management is multifaceted. Nonpharmacologic treatments include weight reduction, exercise, and dietary modifications. Although the evidence of first line therapy for hypertension is still controversial, the recommendations for pharmacologic treatment are based on symptomatic hypertension, evidence of end-organ damage, stage 2 of hypertension, or stage 1 of hypertension unresponsive to lifestyle modifications, and hypertension with diabetes mellitus.

Prevención y tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial sistémica en el paciente con enfermedad arterial coronaria / Prevention and treatment of hypertension and coronary heart disease

The association between arterial systemic hypertension arterial coronary disease has been demonstrated by cumulated evidence of several epidemiological studies. Hypertension is an important independent risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease, vascular cerebral disease and nephropathy. Important advances exist in the knowledge of neurohumoral and hemodynamic factors that come together in the pathophysiology of the hypertension and in the development of coronary disease that allow to establish better strategies not only of treatment, but also of prevention, with the purpose of diminishing the cardiovascular mortality. The spectrum of the coronary artery disease secondary to atherosclerosis is wide and the strategies of treatment of hypertension must be adapted to each particular case. The treatment of both conditions needs of specific limits of agreement to the conditions of the patient and the form of presentation of each one of these disease.

Guías clínicas para la detección, prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de hipertensión arterial sistémica en México (2008) / Clinical guidelines for detection, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of systemic arterial hypertension in Mexico (2008)

The multidisciplinary Institutional Committee of experts in Systemic Arterial Hypertension from the National Institute of Cardiology [quot ]Ignacio Chávez[quot ] presents its update (2008) of [quot ]Guidelines and Recommendations[quot ] for the early detection, control, treatment and prevention of Hypertension. The boarding tries to be simple and realistic for all that physicians whom have to face the hypertensive population in their clinical practice. The information is based in the most recent scientific evidence. These guides are principally directed to hypertensive population of emergent countries like Mexico. It is emphasized preventive health measures, the importance of the no pharmacological actions, such as good nutrition, exercise and changes in life style, (which ideally it must begin from very early ages). [quot ]We suggest that the changes in the style of life must be vigorous, continuous and systematized, with a real reinforcing by part of all the organisms related to the health education for all population (federal and private social organisms). It is the most important way to confront and prevent this pandemic of chronic diseases[quot ]. In this new edition the authors amplifies the information and importance on the matter. The preventive cardiology must contribute in multidisciplinary entailment. Based mainly on national data and the international scientific publications, we developed our own system of classification and risk stratification for the carrying people with hypertension, Called HTM (Arterial Hypertension in Mexico) index. Its principal of purpose this index is to keep in mind that the current approach of hypertension must be always multidisciplinary. The institutional committee of experts reviewed with rigorous methodology under the principles of the evidence-based medicine, both, national and international medical literature, with the purpose of adapting the concepts and guidelines for a better control and treatment of hypertension in Mexico. This work group recognizes that hypertension is not an isolated disease; therefore its approach must be in the context of the prevalence and interaction with other cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, dislipidemia and smoking among others. The urgent necessity is emphasized to approach in a concatenated form the diverse cardiovascular risk factors, since independently of which they share common pathophysiological mechanisms, its suitable identification and cont

Obstrucción en la vía de salida del ventrículo derecho en la miocardiopatía hipertrófica obstructiva. Informe de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract on the obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Case report and literature review

OHC is a disorder with a broad spectrum of morphological, functional and genetics abnormalities. The Obstruction on the Right Ventricular Outflow (OHCRV) is not expected most of the time, that's way it is not usually detected and rarely mentioned in the cardiological literature. Its clinical presentation may include basically systemic venous hypertension symptoms that come with the hypertrophic cardyomiopathy manifestations. The manifestations of an apparent Right Ventricular Hypertrophic (RVH) in the ECG are probably due to the huge septal vector that activates the septum with a major thickness. The clinical confirmation of the obstruction on the OHCRV produced by a considerable asymmetric septal hypertrophic is easily shown with bidimensional an Doppler echocardiography.

Exclusión del ventrículo venoso. Evolución y retos. A propósito de los primeros cien casos del procedimiento de Fontan en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología [quot ]Ignacio Chávez[quot ] / Exclusion of venous ventricle. Evolution and challenges

The history and evolution of the cardiovascular surgery and pediatric cardiology is fascinating. For centuries many erroneous galenic concepts about cardiovascular anatomy and physiology were sustained by physicians. At the end of the XIX century and during the XX century, the progress in science allowed for a more appropriate understanding of the anatomophysiology of the cardiovascular system, promoting the concept of dispensability of half of the heart. This concept of right ventricle dispensability has subsisted, teaching us lessons that have led to a bear understanding of the hemodinamic behavior of many cardiac congenital malformations. The cavopulmonar total bypass or Fontan procedure with its modifications is an example of this knowledge. In the present article we make a brief historical review of the concept of right ventricle dispensability, and a brief analysis of the learned lessons provided by many authors and our own experience, without forgetting that we still have a long way to fully understand the pulmonary vasculature behavior and the univentricular physiology.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la coartación aórtica. Resultados a largo plazo en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología / Sugical treatment of aortic coarctation. Long-term results at National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate long-term evolution of patients submitted to surgery for coarctation of the aorta. Compare event free survival in younger vs older patients at the time of surgical correction. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records of patients operated for coarctation of the aorta from January 1 1980 to December 31 1994. The mean follow-up ranged from 9 to 23 years (mean 10.9 y). Final events registered were recoarctation, death, systemic hypertension, endocarditis, stroke, aneurisms. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixteen patients were found with mean age 13 +/- 12 y male gender was most frequent (61%). Recoarctation was found in 13 patients (6.02%), persistent hypertension in 14.1%. Event free survival at 10 years was 86.2%. In patients less than 10 y was 89% vs 80.2% in older patients. Hypertension free survival in patients less than 10 y was 98.3% vs 80.1% in older patients (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirms that surgical treatment for coarctation of the aorta is associated with low morbidity and mortality at long-term with reduced rate of recoarctation (7%). Early correction (< 10 y) is associated with a better long term survival. Hypertension and use of pharmacologic treatment are reduced after surgery and persist in the long-term evolution.

Implicaciones clínicas y pronósticas del estudio circadiano de la modulación simpático-vagal de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca en pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar grave / Clinical implications and prognostic significance of the study on the circadian variation of heart rate variability in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension

Introducción: La reducción en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca ha sido identificada como factor de riesgo en enfermedad cardiovascular, pero su descripción en hipertensión arterial pulmonar severa se desconoce. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar grave, 32 con hipertensión pulmonar primaria, 34 con hipertensión pulmonar secundaria a cardiopatía congénita (Eisenmenger) y 44 sujetos control sin evidencia de enfermedad. La evaluación del registro ambulatorio de la frecuencia cardiaca se realizó por métodos convencionales. El análisis espectral y la relación a baja y alta frecuencia se realizó utilizando el método de Fourier. Comparaciones entre día y noche se realizó entre los grupos. Después de conocer el perfil circadiano, 15 pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar fueron seleccionados para recibir tratamiento al azar con Treprostinil (Prostaglandina) o placebo por vía subcutánea. Posteriormente (3 meses) se analizaron nuevamente los parámetros de variabilidad de frecuencia cardiaca y de hemodinámica para conocer el impacto de dicha terapéutica. Resultados: Se detectó un estado franco de hipertonía simpática en el grupo de hipertensión pulmonar, sobre todo en los pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar primaria. El efecto de Treprostinil fue claramente asociado con disminución del tono simpático y un aumento de la capacidad física. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar, cursan con equilibrio simpático-vagal alterado sobre todo durante el día. Hay pérdida del ritmo circadiano. Dichos trastornos pueden ser reversibles con la aplicación de treprostinil. El equilibrio simpáticovagal de la frecuencia cardiaca es un instrumento no invasivo que permite estratificar mejor al paciente con hipertensión arterial pulmonar grave.

BACKGROUND: A reduction of heart rate variability (HRV) is currently considered an independent risk factor for morbidity, mortality and severity of severalcardiac disease, however, the dynamic sympathovagal modulation on HRV during 24 hr in primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) had not been described. METHODS: 24 hr Holter monitoring (HA) were recorded in 32 patients (mean age 34, +/-12, 90% female) with severe primary pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary pressure, 90:t:12 mm Hg), and in 34 patients (mean age 36 +/-14, 60% female) with Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) secondary to septal ventricular defect or atent ductus arteriosus. A control group (n=44) paired for age, gender and arterial pulmonary pressure was included. HRV time and spectral parameters (mean, SDNN, SDANN, rMSSD, PNN50, LF, HF and LF/HF ratio) were analyzed during three periods: 24 hr; day (8-22:00), night (23-07:00) and also every hour of recording at 5 min-intervals). After detection of sympatho-vagal balance 15 patients were randomized, Treprostinil (prostaglandin) was administered to 6 patients and subcutaneous placebo to 9. RESULTS: HRV frequency parameters during 24 hr HM were significantly different among groups. LF/HF (day) 5.9:1:12.5:1:1P.001 and LF/HF night) 2.8:tlvs.1.5:l:.8.034. Sympathovagal modulation on 24 hr HRV showed that heart rate circadian rhythm is clearly altered in both PPH and ES, but the sympathetic tone in PPH is higher at l 24 hr. (p < .05), after administering treprostinil a recovery of sympathovagal balance was observed CONCLUSIONS: Autonomic cardiac disturbance is clearly present in PPH and ES. The circadian rhythm of HRV is first lost due to an increase of sympathetic tone. These changes may be markers of autonomic disbalance that favor the development of arrhythmias and sudden death. The sympathovagal balance in PPH could be considered an important risk marker.

Cierre percutáneo de la comunicación interventricular perimembranosa con el dispositivo de Amplatzer®: Resultados inmediatos y a mediano plazo / Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect by Amplatzer occluder: Immediate and mid-term follow up results

Objetivos: Reportamos los resultados inmediatos y seguimiento a mediano plazo de la implantación del dispositivo Amplatzer® para el cierre percutáneo de la comunicación interventricular perimembranosa (CIVpm). Antecedentes: El cierre percutáneo de la CIVpm se considera aún un método experimental en el que se han probado diversos tipos de dispositivos. Hasta la fecha, se han implantado mundialmente más de 500 dispositivos Amplatzer® con resultados alentadores. Métodos: Se incluyeron 6 pacientes (1 hombre y 5 mujeres), con edad promedio de 9.9 años (límites, 3 a 17.5), en quienes se intentó el cierre percutáneo de la CIVpm. Resultados: En una de las pacientes, no fue posible la colocación adecuada del dispositivo (tasa de éxito con intención de tratamiento 83.3%). En los cinco pacientes restantes el defecto fue único. El diámetro promedio de la CIVpm medido con el ecocardiograma fue de 7 ± 1.7 mm (límites, 5.1 a 9) y medido con angiografía de 6.9 ± 1 (límites, 6 a 8). La presión pulmonar media promedio fue de 20.2 ± 7.7 mm Hg (límites, 12-30) y el Qp/Qs de 1.69 ± 0.65 (límites, 1.2-2.8). Se colocó un dispositivo en todos los pacientes. El control inmediato con angiografía mostró oclusión completa de los defectos en dos pacientes, fuga trivial en uno y fuga ligera en dos. En dos pacientes se registró insuficiencia aórtica residual trivial, preexistente en uno y en tres insuficiencia tricuspídea trivial a ligera, preexistente en todos. En el seguimiento de por lo menos 4 meses, sólo una paciente persiste con cortocircuito residual trivial, en el resto los defectos se observan completamente ocluidos con el ecocardiograma transtorácico. Conclusiones: El diseño especial del dispositivo oclusor Amplatzer® para CIV perimembranosa permite el cierre percutáneo de este defecto de una manera eficaz y segura, con buenos resultados a mediano plazo. En casos seleccionados, puede ser una técnica alternativa a la cirugía para el tratamiento de esta cardiopatía.

Object: To report the immediate and mid-term follow-up results of the Amplatzer® membranous VSD occluder for the percutaneous occlusion of the perimembranous VSD. Background: Percutaneous perimembranous VSD occlusion is still considered an experimental method where a variety of devices have been tested. Nowadays, more than 500 membranous Amplatzer® devices have been implanted worldwide with encouraging results. Method: We included 6 patients (1 man and 5 women) with a mean age of 9.9 years (range, 3 to 17.5) in whom percutaneous perimembranous VSD closure was attempted. Results: In one of the patients, positioning of the device was not possible (intention to treat success rate, 83.3%). In the remaining five patients, there was a single defect. The VSD mean diameter with echo was 7 ± 1.7 mm (range, 5.1 to 9) and with angio was 6.9 ± 1 (range, 6 to 8). Mean pulmonary pressure was 20.2 ± 7.7 mm Hg (range, 12-30) and Qp/Qs was 1.69 ± 0.65 (range, 1.2-2.8). A single device was use in all cases. Immediate angiographic control showed complete occlusion in two patients, trivial shunt in one, and mild shunt in two. Follow-up was at least 4 months. Only one patient has residual trivial shunt, the rest of the defects are completely closed. Conclusion: The special design of the Amplatzer® membranous VSD occluder allows percutaneous closure of this defect in a safe and effective way, with good mid-term results. In se lected cases, this is a good alternative to surgery in the treatmen of this cardiac defect.

Re-encuesta Nacional de Hipertensión Arterial (RENAHTA): Consolidación Mexicana de los Factores de Riesgo Cardiovascular. Cohorte Nacional de Seguimiento / National Re-survey of Arterial Hypertension (RENAHTA). Mexican consolidation of the cardiovascular risk factors. National Follow-up Cohort

Propósito: A través de una Re-encuesta Nacional sobre Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica (HTAS) y Factores de Riesgo Cardiovascular, en población adulta con HTAS identificada en encuestas nacionales de salud del año 2000; Determinar: 1) Las tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. 2) La incidencia e interrelación en el tiempo con otros factores de riesgo, tales como Obesidad, Dislipidemia, Diabetes y Tabaquismo. 3) Los principales factores de riesgo asociados a HTAS que influencian la aparición de complicaciones, necesidad y numero de días de hospitalización. 4) El grado de adherencia y tipo de medicación usada por el paciente hipertenso. Métodos: La Re-encuesta Nacional de Hipertensión (RENAHTA) fue realizada en el periodo 2003-2004. La encuesta es tipo III del método paso a paso descrito por la OMS. La población estudiada correspondió en su mayoría (73%) a individuos detectados en encuestas nacionales previas. El muestreo fue ponderado a priori tomando en cuenta una prevalencia nacional promedio de HTAS de 30.05% y su correspondiente para cada estado de la República. Error máximo permisible en la estimación = 0.28, Efecto de diseño = 4.5; y, Tasa de respuesta esperada (0.70). Resultados: De 14 567 como muestra inicial, 1165 (8%) sujetos fueron considerados como no hipertensos o falsos positivos en el año 2000. De los 13,402 pacientes restantes se informaron 335 muertes ocurridas en los primeros 2 años de seguimiento (2000-2002), lo que implicó una mortalidad anual de ˜1.15% en la población hipertensa. Así, 13,067 sobrevivientes, fueron sujetos a análisis. La edad al momento de la re-encuesta fue 45.6 ± 12.6. El (40.5%) fueron hombres (n=5,295), hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la talla, pero no en el peso entre ambos géneros. El control de la HTAS subió de 14.6% en el 2000 a 19.2% en el 2004. Se duplicó la cifra de diabéticos de 16% a 30% (p < .001). El 54% de la población estudiada requirió de hospitalización al menos ...

Objective: Based on a National Re-survey on Hypertension (HTA) and other cardiovascular risk factors performed in Mexico during 2003 and 2004 in the adult population with HTA, as identified in the 2000 National Survey of Health, this study was planed to determine: 1) morbidity and mortality rates; 2) the incidence and interrelation with other risk factors, such as overweight, obesity, dyslipidemia, nephropathy and diabetes; 3) the main risk factors associated to HTA involved in its complications, need for hospitalization and number of days; and, 4) the degree of therapeutical adhesion and the type of antihypertensive drugs used. Methods: The survey was of type III using the step by step method described by WHO. Sampling was weighed a priori taking into account a national prevalence average of HTA of 30.05% and its corresponding rate for each federal state. Permissible maximum error in the estimation = 0.28. Effect of design = 4.5; and, Rate of awaited answer (0.70). Results: From the initial 14,567 interviewed patients, 1,165 (8%) subjects were considered non-hypertensive or false positives at the 2000 survey. From the 13,402 remaining patients, 335 died during the first 2 years of pursuit, which implies an annual mortality of ˜1.15% in the hypertensive population. Thus, 13,067 survivors were subjected to the final analysis. The mean age at the re-survey was 45.6 ± 12.6; 40.5% were men (n = 5,295). There was a statistically significant difference in height, but not in weight between both genders. The control HTAwas raised 14.6% in the year 2000 and 19.2% in 2004. The prevalence of diabetes was duplicated from 16% to 30% (< .001). Fifty four percent of the whole population required hospitalization at least once during the period of study. The rates of overweight, obesity, and dyslipidemia rose significantly (p < 0.05) independently from age, federal state, and gender. Conclusion: RENAHTA shows the impact of hypertension on the morbidity and mortality during the 3.1 ± 1.5 years of follow-up in Mexico. It alerts us on the need to reinforce the strategies of attention and prevention of this crucial risk factor and of screening the dynamic nonlinear interaction between the main cardiovascular risk factors in Mexico. New hypotheses are proposed forthe metabolic syndrome.

Mixoma intraventricular izquierdo / Left ventricular myxoma

Los tumores primarios del corazón son entidades poco frecuentes. Se reporta el caso de una mujer joven con un mixoma del ventrículo izquierdo, el cual se manifestó como enfermedad coronaria, y cuyo diagnóstico se hizo mediante ecocardiografía. Se realiza tratamiento quirúrgico por vía transeptal, con resección extensa del tumor, su pedículo, el músculo papilar al cual se encuentra adherido, y la valva anterior de la válvula mitral por encontrarse ésta deformada por la presencia misma de la tumoración. Simultáneamente se realiza cambio valvular mitral. Se hace una revisión acerca de esta patología.

Primary tumors of the heart are rare entities. We report a unique case of a young woman presenting a left ventricular myxoma, which manifested itself as coronary artery disease and was diagnosed by echocardiography. Emergency surgical treatment was indicated, done through a transeptal approach with extensive resection of the tumor, its pedicle and the papilar muscle to which it was attached as well as the anterior mitral leaflet, which was thinned and deformed by the presence of the mass. Mitral valve replacement was mandatory. A complete retrospective review of the literature is presented.

Hipercolesterolemia e hipertensión arterial en México: Consolidación urbana actual con obesidad, diabetes y tabaquismo / Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension in Mexico: urban conjunctive consolidation with obesity, diabetes and smoking

Se llevó a cabo una encuesta en los estados de la República Mexicana, donde existe la mayor concentración poblacional, con el propósito de profundizar en el conocimiento de la prevalencia y la forma de interacción de factores de riesgo cardiovascular como hipercolesterolemia (HCL), hipertensión arterial sistémica (HTA), obesidad, trastornos del metabolismo de carbohidratos y tabaquismo. La encuesta es de carácter transversal, tipo III de la OMS e incluyó a 120,005 personas, de 6 centros urbanos de gran población (México, D. F., Guadalajara, León, Puebla, Monterrey y Tijuana). A cada persona se le extrajo una muestra de sangre para la determinación capilar de glucosa y colesterol. La presión arterial, la estatura y el peso se midieron con sistemas validados previamente. Los datos recabados se sometieron a análisis multicategórico mediante el método de consolidación conjuntiva y también a un modelo analítico de regresión múltiple. La prevalencia global de HCL (colesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL) resultó ser de un 43.3% para una población con edad promedio de 44.1 años. El género femenino mostró una prevalencia de HCL ligeramente mayor que en el género masculino (44% vs 42.2%) pero estadísticamente significativa. El 33.2% de las mujeres encuestadas declararon ser menopáusicas y en este grupo, la prevalencia de HCL se incrementó en forma significativa al 59.7% (p < .05). La prevalencia de HCL se encontró en relación directa con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el subgrupo de IMC de < de 25 tuvo una prevalencia de HCL de 34.1%; las personas con IMC de entre 25 y 29.9 tuvieron una prevalencia de HCL de 45.9% y el de IMC de 30 o más alcanzó una prevalencia de HCL de 47.3%. De toda la población encuestada, 30.2% fueron portadores de HTA y de ellos el 52.5% tuvo HCL. Además, hubo correlación entre la severidad de la HTA y el nivel de HCL. La prevalencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM-2) fue del 10.7%, en este subgrupo, la prevalencia de HCL fue del 55.2%. El análisis por consolidación conjuntiva indica que para el grupo de edad entre 20 y 34 años, el impacto de la obesidad es determinante crucial de la mayor prevalencia de HCL. La prevalencia de HCL en este estudio resultó de proporciones similares en la población con y sin tabaquismo. En conclusión la prevalencia de HCL presenta cuatro gradientes de cambio porcentual muy importantes en función de los grupos de edad, de la presencia de HTA, de DM-2 y de IMC.

Aims: To know the prevalence and the interaction among the principal cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia (HCL), hypertension (HTA), overweight, carbohydrates metabolism disturbances, and smoking, an urban survey was performed in the six Mexican Republic states, where the national population is more concentrated. Methods: This survey was transversally designed using the WHO type-III model in 120,005 adults from 6 highly populated urban centers (Mexico City, Guadalajara, León, Puebla, Monterrey and Tijuana) were included. A blood sample from each person was obtained to quantify fasting glucose and cholesterol. Blood pressure, height and weight were measured using daily validated systems. Data were analyzed by a multicategorical conjunctive consolidation model and by multiple regression models. Results: HCL global prevalence showed to be 43.3% for a population with an average age of 44.1 years. Female gender showed a slightly but statistically significant greater prevalence of HCL than male gender (44% vs42.2%). From whole women population 33.2% declared to be in menopause, and 59.7% of them had HCL. In addition, HCL was directly related to body mass index (BMI). Thus, in those subjects with BMI < 25 showed a HCL prevalence 34.1%; while those with BMI was between 25 and 29.9, the HCL prevalence was 45.9%, and in those subjects with BMI ≥ 30 Kg/m², ranked a HCL prevalence of 47.3%. The prevalence of hypertension was 30.2% and 52.5% of them had HCL prevalence. Type-2 diabetes mellitus prevalence (DM-2) was 10.7%, 55.2% of them had HCL. In the group aged between 20 to 34 years old, the obesity was the principal determinant for higher HCL prevalence. The HCL prevalence showed to be quite similar in population with and without smoking. In conclusion, HCL prevalence shows 4 progressively increasing gradients associated with age, HTA, DM-2 and BMI.

Resultados en la corrección quirúrgica de la cardiopatía congénita en el síndrome de Down / Result of surgiccal treatment of congenital heart defects in children with down's syndrome

Se realizó estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con síndrome de Down que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente para corrección o paliación de su cardiopatía congénita de enero de 1996 a diciembre del 2000 en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez". Las variables analizadas fueron: edad al momento quirúrgico, sexo, tipo de cardiopatía, presión pulmonar y cirugía practicada, tiempo de estancia en la unidad de terapia intensiva, complicaciones y mortalidad. En el periodo analizado fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente 37 pacientes. La media de edad fue de 2 años con 8 meses con un rango de 2 meses a 17 años. La comunicación interventricular fue la cardiopatía más frecuente (35%) y estuvo asociada a persistencia del conducto arterioso en el 61% de los casos. Seis pacientes (16%) tenían defecto de la tabicación atrioventricular, la mitad tipo A y la otra mitad tipo C de Rastelli. Doce pacientes (32%) tenían como única lesión la persistencia del conducto arterioso. Tres pacientes tuvieron tetralogía de Fallot y dos comunicación interatrial. 34 de los pacientes (90%) tenían hipertensión arterial pulmonar siendo leve en 6, moderada en 5 y severa en 23 (62%). El tipo de cirugía fue correctivo en el 89% de los pacientes y el tiempo de estancia promedio en terapia intensiva fue de 2.5 días. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron los trastornos del ritmo y/o de conducción en 8 pacientes (22%), tres correspondieron a bloqueo AV completo, y la mortalidad fue del 8%. En el niño con síndrome de Down es importante una evaluación clínica completa con miras a establecer un tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno.

We made a retrospective study of patients with Down's syndrome that were surgically treated for correction or paliation for their congenital heart disease between january 1996 to december of the 2000 in the National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez". We analyzed these variables: age at the surgical moment, sex, congenital heart defect, pulmonary arterial pressure, type of surgery, time of stay in the intensive care unit, complications and mortality. In this period they were surgically treated 37 patients. The mean age was of 2 years with 8 months with a range of 2 months to 17 years. The interventricular defect was the most frequent one (35%) and it was associated to persistent ductus arteriosus in the 61% of the cases. Six patients(16%) had atrioventricular septal defect, the half of them type A and other half type C of Rastelli classification. Twelve patients (32%) had one lesion persistent ductus arteriosus. Three patients had tetralogy of Fallot and two atrial septal defect. Pulmonary hypertension was found in 90% of the patients, in 23 was severe (62%), moderate in 5 and slight in 6 (16%). The surgical treatment was corrective in 89% patients and the average time of stay in intensive care unit was of 2.5 days. The most frequent complication was rhythm and conduction disorders, in 8 patients (22%), three with complete AV block and the mortality was of 8%. In the patients with Down´s syndrome is important a complete clinical evaluation with an eye toward establishing an opportune surgical treatment. (Arch Cardiol Mex 2004; 74:39-44).